Africa Since 1940

The colonization of the African nation has played an important part on the world and how blacks were treated. What they endured as a people, showed the high element of inequality and injustice brought on by a group of people on to another. This period in time brought a change in a nation rocked with pain and anguish. Intervention and invasion from other countries saw the decline in the wealth that Africa once possessed. The notion that Africans were uncivilized was the mindset of the Europeans as they made their presence known. What they did was to manipulate the minds of the African people to gain what they set out to attain. Their goal has always been to rob them of their livelihood, to destroy and steal what were rightly the Africans. Ignorance and defiance became the downfall of many, as they trusted the words of the whites. The destruction and atrocities that Africans faced was indicative of the cruel way in which European invaded the nation and took control in the name of colonization. Many books made note of the colonizing of the African nation. Three of those great books are: African Since 1940 The Past of the present by Frederick Cooper, The Nigerian Civil war by John de ST. Jorre and African Perspectives on Colonialism by A. ADU Boahen. However, of the three books Boahen provides more supplemental materials that support my thesis. The most important economic change that occurred in Africa was during the period 1880-1960. This period marked the colonization and the scramble for African colonies. Boahen writes â€Å"The first and the most important of the economic changes that had occurred in Africa by 1880 were the abolition and suppression of that most inhuman and abominable of all trading activities- namely, the slave trade-and its replacement by trade in natural products, which has become known in typical Euro- centric terms as legitimate trade† (Boahen pg. 1). Slave trade exemplified the harsh cruelty that Africans faced. They were sold into slavery and beaten and many die during that time. The middle passage journey of slaves that were sold across the world to work on plantations proved to be the worst journey in history. Slave trade only profited the European as slaves were an aspect of making money for their masters. Not only were the African people forced to leave most of the power countries’ economies weak and on the brink of collapse. They needed new ways to generated money which they did by overflowing Africa and retaining most of the Natural resource such as ivory, diamond, and gold. The scramble for Africa open door to a new way of thinking: the county did not just change economically but socially. According to Cooper by the 1700s the era in, â€Å"Pan- Africanist was at its highest point of mobilization in African political history†. (Cooper 24) . For the first time westerners such as Marcus Garvey from African decedent who was captives of slavery, began to challenge imperialism. They launch organizations: International African Service Bureau based out of London. Regional linkages were established between countries and hybrid culture was form. People of western African coast began referring to themselves as nations. Black influential understood the gravity of slavery and knew that the change has to begin with them. The 1880 was a better time period in Africa because Slavery was abolished and therefore, the old African country way of life have been abolish to some degree in that now people were no longer under bondage. These individuals were free to live a life in less fear and with a more renew sense of hope for the future. It was good that a new Africa was emerging because this means that individuals will be more incline to want to strive for a better life for themselves and their families and to make a better future for their children. Moreover, after the abolition of slavery the formation of legitimate trade means that individuals could have a source of gaining employment to help to support their family. Boahen mentioned that in the 1880 (African had become more deeply integrated into the capitalist world-economy than before, a development which the ensuing colonial system was to intensify,) which exemplify the fact that Africa was become more stabilize as an economy in of itself where job can be provided for its citizen. (Boahen pg 5). The economy development of Africa in the 1880 meant that the qualities of life for the people were going to improve over time. With the economy improving this would open up individual access to job opportunities. The invasion of European forces into Africa brought a division among the African people. Elements that were formulated such as governmental, educational and their religious system were imposed in a cruel manner as many Africans throughout that time in history were brutally harmed by the Europeans. This abuse was due to the fact Different language religion and other aspects of life were enforced by the Europeans colonization. So, with the abolishment of slavery individuals learn both the language of their ormer ruling countries and the original language of their ancestors through parents teaching of their children. Language plays a crucial part in an individual culture as it is the mean through which communication took place. Cooper mentioned that â€Å"At any one moment, Africa appears as a mixture of diverse languages and diverse culture; indeed, linguistically alone, it is the most varied continent on earth† (Cooper pg11). This mean linguistically speaking Africa came out of the slave trade become a more diverse country. This diversity is obvious in more than one language that which is spoken by individuals from the continent of Africa. The African people depended on their cultural languages to bind them together. This help them to confuse their colonizers in their intent and goal of enforcing slavery. African understood the importance of language and how they could use it to their advantage. Additionally, the 1880 was a period in which the Christian missionary was also experiencing dramatic change. The change in the Christian missionary mean that individuals where having a renew view of religion and how it should be practice. Boahen also mentioned that change in the religion in African societies resulted in stratification, which means that there were different groups of individuals in the African society; therefore, the further stratification of African societies into a relatively small Christian educated elite, particularly in western and southern Africa, and a large traditional and illiterate group† (Boahen, 17). So, it is obvious that as people were becoming more educated they were more able to view religion from a different perspective. The 1880 was also a period in which there was changing political trends that were towards a sense of greater centralization. Boahen mentioned that even though there was a change in some of the empires in terms of disintegration such as empires such as Asante and Oye empires some empires became even stronger (Boahen, 2008). So, there were the emerging of new empires such as the Sokoto empire and the Tukulor empire of Masina that were in much larger existence especially in certain area state as the century in West Africa begins to emerge. New political change in Africa was evident in Nigeria such as constitutional experimentation (Boahen, pg 12). So, the constitution help to lay out the foundation for how individuals in the new African, societies wanted to be treatment by their government in making sure those individuals in the societies was educate. So, with modernization there came a renew way of engaging in political activities as it will benefit the country of Africa. However the prosperity and flourishing of the countries of economy depended on the mobilization of African leaders yet this did not come forth. Cooper writes â€Å"The development effort of late colonial regimes never did provide the basis for a strong national economy; economies remained externally originated and the state’s economic power remained concentrated at the gate† (Cooper 5). He was also concern about where the blame for the wars lie cooper writes â€Å"By looking at the post-war era as a whole, one can begin to explain the succession of crises that colonial and postcolonial states faced, without getting into a sterile debate over whether a colonial legacy or the incompetence of African governments is to blame† (Cooper 6). The African nation had many crises to deal with mainly poverty that resulted from the war. Colonization of the African people drove them deeper into poverty many regions had to sell their labor. Cooper writes â€Å"In parts of African, colonization drove rural dwellers into deepening poverty, sometimes as a deliberate policy to create labor reserves where people had little alternative to selling their labor cheaply, sometimes as a result of actions which made difficult ecosystems worse† (21). Poverty is one of the worst elements of people’s lives and this epidemic led the African people to seek for help. War is the most dreaded and the resulting effect of break-down of laws and orders in a civilized society. The Nigerian civil war which is known as the â€Å"Biafra War† took place on July 16th 1967 to January 15th 1970, political conflict was caused by the attempted secession of the southern providence of Nigeria as the self-proclaimed republic of Biafra. The conflicts accrued when Great Britain invaded Africa and divided up the some of it colonies causing a great separation among the African people; where people in the north were Muslims and in the south were Christian. However due to the division it ended in economic, ethnic, cultural and religious tension among the various peoples of Nigeria. During the war millions died and many were displaced leaving the colony in a state of distress. Due to the war hunger and starvation arose in Biafra many young children died; soldiers were out raged and they decided to take matters into the own hands St. Jorre writes â€Å"hungry soldiers tried to hijack a food convoy, and he beat them to a pulp† (St. Jorre pg. 251) this provided the severity and level of starvation that was felt in Biafra that even those responsible for aintaining the law put their needs above the people. Starvation does not respect anyone and during this period it evident that hunger claimed many lives. The depth and continuance of the war resulted in more deaths as starvation continued and no help was evident. As the Biafra’s people would look for help from the western world it was eminent that something needed to be done. The starvation was not ending and if they could only receive a little help it could go a long way this could be attain by pricking the conscience of the western world. ST.  Jorre writes â€Å"By striking at the heart of the Western world’s moral conscience with the real threat of millions starving to death if the war continued, backed up the imagined one of genocide if they surrendered, they succeeded where all their other tactics intensive lobbying, signing the oil away repeated appeals to the religious, ideological and the political sensibilities of the outside world had failed† (ST. Jorre pg. 241). This sad way of life was the start of new recognition for other African countries that had to deal with the epidemic of starvation. ST. Jorre writes â€Å"The immediate benefits of such concern were useful enough, especially the money, the lobbying publicity and public support that followed each new starvation newspaper story or television film† (ST. Jorre pg. 242). Even in such distraught moment in history something good came of it as the Western nation would become aware of it and help to prevent an occurrence elsewhere. African people endured the worst life possible due to greed from their European colonizers. Their lands were invaded and lives were destroyed as many were taken as slaves to work on plantations to make money for them. What the Europeans did not only hurt the African people physically but emotionally too they have never recovered. This led to war on the Continent as poverty took over and the means of survival was as the height in the minds of all Africans. Many aspect of their lives were taken away their culture, their language and their believe were destroyed. The European brainwashed the African people and took over and kill many in the process.

Stefan’s Diaries: Origins Chapter 30

Though Damon wanted to die alone, I had unfinished business to attend to. I made my way from the quarry and began to walk back to the estate. The woods smelled like smoke, and the leaves were starting to turn. They crunched under the worn boots I had on my feet, and I remembered all the times Damon and I had played hide-and-seek as children. I wondered if he had any regrets, or if he felt as empty as I did. I wondered if we'd see each other in Heaven, being as we were. I walked toward the house. The carriage house was charred and burned, its beams exposed like a skeleton. Several of the statues around the labyrinth were broken, and torches and debris littered the once-lush lawn. But the porch light at the main house was on, and a buggy stood at attention beneath the portico. I walked around the back and heard voices coming from the porch. Immediately, I dove under the hedges. Hidden by the leaves, I crawled on my hands and knees against the wall until I came to the bay window that looked into the porch. Peering in, I made out the shadow of my father. A single candle cast weak beams of light around the room, and I noticed that Alfred wasn't in his normal spot sitting at the door, ready to instantly greet guests. I wondered if any of the servants had been killed. â€Å"More brandy, Jonathan? Laced with vervain. Not that we need to worry anymore,† Father said, his words floating out the door. â€Å"Thank you, Giuseppe. And thank you for having me here. I realize you have much on your mind,† answered Jonathan somberly, as he accepted the tumbler. I saw the concern etched on Jonathan's face, and my heart went out to him for the terrible truth he'd had to learn about Pearl. â€Å"Y Thank you,† Father said, waving off the es. thought. â€Å"But it's important that we end this sad chapter of our town's history. It is the one thing I want to do for my sons. After all, I do not want the Salvatore legacy to be that of demon sympathizers.† Father cleared his throat. â€Å"So the battle of Willow Creek happened when a group of Union insurgents mounted an attack on the Confederate camp,† he began in his sonorous baritone voice, as if telling a story. â€Å"And Stefan and Damon hid out in the woods to see if they could find any rogue soldiers, and at that point †¦,† Jonathan continued. â€Å"At that point they were tragically killed, just like the twenty-three other civilians who died for their country and their beliefs. It was a Confederate victory, but it came at the cost of innocent lives,† Father said, raising his voice as if to make himself believe the story he was weaving. â€Å"Y And I'll speak with the Hagertys about es. creating a monument. Something to acknowledge this terrible period in our town's history,† Jonathan murmured. I raised myself up on my knees, peeking through a spot at the corner of the window. I saw Father nodding in satisfaction, and cold seeped through my veins. So this was the legacy of my death–that I was killed by a band of degenerate soldiers. Now I knew I needed to speak to Father more than ever. He needed to hear the whole truth, to know that Damon and I weren't sympathizers, to know that the problem could have been cured without so much bloodshed and violence. â€Å"But Giuseppe †¦ ?† Jonathan asked, taking a long drink from his tumbler. â€Å"Y Jonathan?† es, â€Å"It is a triumphant moment in our town's history. The vampires are destroyed, and their bodies will turn to dust. We rid the town of the scourge, and thanks to the burning of the church, it will never come back. There were hard choices and heroism, but we won. That is your legacy,† Jonathan said as he slammed his ledger closed with a definitive thump. Father nodded and drained his own tumbler, then stood up. â€Å"Thank you,† he said, holding out his hand. I watched as the two men shook hands, then watched as Jonathan disappeared into the shadows of the house. A moment later, I heard his carriage being hitched and the horses riding away. I crawled to the edge of the hedgerow. I stood up, my knees creaking, and walked through the door and into the house that was once mine.

Welfare The Governments Failure Essay - 1330 Words

The United States Government has pumped more than $3.5 trillion U.S. taxpayer dollars into welfare but, ironically, the poverty rate is higher than when they started (Tanner, Welfare Reform). This outrageous amount of money proves that welfare will lead United States into debt. The original intent of current welfare benefits has failed; therefore the national welfare system must be reformed. To fully understand how to reform the welfare system Americans must know what the history of welfare is, illegitimate births’ obvious connection to crime and welfare, how welfare has failed to keep the poverty rate down, the great problem of dependency, and finally what reforms must be made. Welfare reforms will greatly help this Nation become†¦show more content†¦But being a â€Å"charitable† nation the United States has trouble speaking out against social welfare, in case the United States look like they are uncaring for the poor. But there are many reasons why the ci tizens can criticize social welfare, and at the same time still uphold and emphasize the United States caring spirits toward the unfortunate. But before the nation can fix social welfare we must look at what is wrong with it (Gentry). Welfare is a massive fault in the United States Government system. But it can be fixed through careful examination and diagnosis. The worst kind of parenting for the children in being born out of wedlock, but forty percent of births in 2012 alone were out-of-wedlock, and over seventy percent for African Americans (Clegg). The reason for all these illegitimate births is welfare. It reassures the single mothers that they will be able to support themselves. Micheal Tanner of Cato Institute reports â€Å"†¦the evidence of a link between the availability of welfare and out-of-wedlock births is overwhelming. There have been 13 major studies of the relationship between the availability of welfare benefits and out-of-wedlock birth. Of these, 11 found a statistically significant correlation.†(Tanner, Welfare Reform). Also welfare helps boost the crime rate to uncomfortable levels through single parents. Single parent children are much more likely to commit crime and, are one-third more probable to exhibit anti-social behavior. Likewise more thanShow MoreRelatedLong-Term Investment Decisions1267 Words   |  6 Pagesstrike a balance between the market activities and social welfare of the people. The role of government in the market has been seen as one that is indispensable in an economy where this balance is needful. Contrary to this argument, it has also been observed that government involvement in the market economy can to a large extent lead to sub-optimal results. It is agreeable however, that government intervention guarantee the social welfare and production of public goods. 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Many People Have Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Many people have Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (will be abbreviated ADD/ADHD) including the author of this paper who writes from personal experience. People with this disorder might be easily recognized because of their hyperactivity, inattentiveness, or disorganization. Many parents do not want their child on medication, because it would require testing, and it would label their child. What is not understood is that ADD/ADHD is protected under the Americans with Disabilities Act meaning it cannot hurt you in jobs, and that these are privileged medical records. On the flip side, some people want to medicate disruptive children prior to seeking counseling or classroom accommodations when the child may not need medication.†¦show more content†¦Another thing a parent might try is dietary changes like removing certain food colorings and preservatives from their diet. Encouraging their child to spend more time outside and avoiding potential allergens, is one more thing parents often do (Medically). Parents may even try essential oils or herbs said to help ADD/ADHD to help calm their child, and reduce symptoms. Sometimes someone with ADD/ADHD will start doing yoga, because it was suggested by a therapist, to calm their mind and body. In fact, counseling is one recommended treatment of ADD/ADHD, and is recommended for children under the age of six as the first line of treatment by the American Academy of Pediatrics (Attention).Counseling helps children and adults learn useful tools and techniques to help them focus and pay attention. A therapist might help a child by teaching them how to decrease negative behavior, recognize when their symptoms are worse, and improve their social skills. Therapist do this by teaching the child to read facial expressions, how to share, and what responses work best against teasing (Johnson). 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“Othello’s Virtue and Valour Ultimately Make Him...

The idea of heroism is one often associated with virtue, courage and valour. Within Othello, Shakespeare questions the meaning behind heroism and admirability in the context of a Venetian society, in which the play is set. Through the tragic descent of Othello’s composure and his actions, the audience is left to wonder whether or not his virtue and presentation as an admirable general and hero, actually exists. Act 1 of the play presents Othellos decisions and behaviour as the epitome of virtue and valour, showing him as a high statured character - the definition of a tragic hero in Aristotelian methods, as it demands a character of greatness to suffer the greatest downfall. Although not necessarily presented as high born, he is deemed to†¦show more content†¦However, by the formal introduction of the rumoured moor in Act 1 Scene 2 and his monologue in Scene 3, our previous doubts of Othello’s character diminish. The magnificence of Othello shines through throu gh his behaviour and rhetoric, becoming a juxtaposing image of a ‘Valiant Othello’ both the Duke and senators speak of. â€Å"Rude am i in my speech† proves Othello’s confidence and elegance in his language. The use of the rhythmic Iambic Pentameter within his monologue suggests a well thought out and educated response from Othello, Shakespeare decides to gift his character with eloquent and virtuous speech in order to highlight his composure as a hero and admirable character. His measured language is a sign of his confidence, self-discipline and virtue, thus agreeing to his admirability of being the tragic hero. By Othello’s declaration of his love for Desdemona and undoubtable respect for those who surround him, we are reminded that Othello is a war hero, and a General to be admired. Shakespeare carefully chooses the Senate and Duke, all well reputable and influential figures of venice, to press the name ‘Valiant moor’ into the audience’s mind, this is to deliberately counteract the damage Iago made to Othello’s character and image within the first act. However, when Shakespeare places Othello away from the power of Venetian society, Othello is exposed to his weaknesses, can be viewed as far from virtuous. We are thus able to view Othello as a character easily

Pneumonia the Silent Killer free essay sample

A Silent Killer Abstract This paper explores Pneumonia and the respiratory disease process associated with bacterial and viral pathogens most commonly located in the lung. The paper examines the process, symptoms and treatments most commonly viewed in patient cases of Pneumonia. My goal is to educate the reader and to warn of the Exploring Pneumonia: A Silent Killer Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs. Many different organisms can cause it, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Pneumonia can range from mild to severe, and can even be deadly. The severity depends on the type of organism causing pneumonia, as well as your age and underlying health. Pneumonia is a common illness that affects millions of people each year in the United States. Bacterial pneumonias tend to be the most serious and, in adults, the most common cause of pneumonia. The most common pneumonia-causing bacterium in adults is Streptococcus Pneumoniae. Respiratory viruses are the most common causes of pneumonia in young children, peaking between the ages of 2 and 3. We will write a custom essay sample on Pneumonia: the Silent Killer or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page By school age, the bacterium Mycoplasma Pneumoniae becomes more common. In some people, particularly the elderly and those who are debilitated, bacterial pneumonia may follow influenza or even a common cold. People who have trouble swallowing are at risk of aspiration pneumonia. In this condition, food, liquid, or saliva accidentally goes into the airways. It is more common in people who have had a stroke, Parkinsons disease, or previous throat surgery. It is more difficult to treat pneumonia in people who are in a hospital, or a nursing facility. In the early stage, a person with bacterial pneumonia may have these classic symptoms coughing, sputum production, chest pain, shaking, chills, and fever. A doctor may hear an abnormal breath sound called crackles and discover signs of pleural effusion, abnormal fluid buildup in the lungs. Effusion is responsible for fever chest pain, shortness of breath, and cough. Complications of pneumonia include respiratory failure, pus accumulation in the lungs, and lung abscess. Some people develop a bacterial infection in the blood; if the infection spreads to other parts of the body, it can lead to inflammation of the brain and spinal cord membranes, inflammation of the hearts interior lining, and inflammation of the sac surrounding the heart. If the cause is bacterial, the doctor will try to cure the infection with antibiotics. If the cause is viral, typical antibiotics will not be effective. Sometimes, however, your doctor may use antiviral medication. It is often difficult to distinguish between viral and bacterial pneumonia, so you may receive antibiotics at first. Patients with mild pneumonia who are otherwise healthy are usually treated with oral macrolide antibiotics (azithromycin, clarithromycin, or erythromycin). Patients with other serious illnesses, such as heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or emphysema, kidney disease, or diabetes sometimes receive one of the following; Fluoroquinolone (levofloxacin (Levaquin), sparfloxacin (Zagam), or gemifloxacin (Factive), moxifloxacin (Avelox). High-dose amoxicillin or amoxicillin-clavulanate. Many people can be treated at home with antibiotics. If you have an underlying chronic disease, severe symptoms, or low oxygen levels, you will likely require hospitalization for intravenous antibiotics and oxygen therapy. Infants and the elderly are more commonly admitted for treatment of pneumonia. You can take these steps at home; drink plenty of fluids to help loosen secretions and bring up phlegm. Get lots of rest. Control your fever with aspirin or acetaminophen. When in the hospital, respiratory treatments to remove secretions may be necessary. Occasionally, steroid medications may be used to reduce wheezing if there is an underlying lung disease.

Should We or Should We Not Satisfy Our Desires an Example of the Topic Psychology Essays by

Should We or Should We Not Satisfy Our Desires? by Expert Prof. Richardson | 23 Dec 2016 Since time immemorial, desires have been one of the most powerful natural forces which move humans behavior, motivation, and personalities. Whether material, intangible, spiritual, or emotional, it seems that desire has forever been a part of human nature, and it also appears to be a phenomenon which tends to be inevitable and inescapable in peoples lives. Thus, as people carry on with their personal tasks and agendas everyday, they may acknowledge the reality that desires indeed serve as a driving force in these everyday matters. Consequently, desire has been studied debated over even during the early time of Aristotle. Need essay sample on "Should We or Should We Not Satisfy Our Desires?" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Students Often Tell Us: Who wants to write assignment for me? Essay writers recommend: Cheap Essay Writing Service Paper Writers For Hire Who Are You Writing Assignment Essay Writing Company Reviews During this era, most philosophers agree that an inpiduals capability is composed of three aspects, namely, the ratio (brain), the will (desire), and the soul (Hartono). Hence, this shows that since the earliest times, desire have been recognized to be a strong force which greatly affects a persons capacity and competence. However, in the contemporary days, it appears that the word desire has been tagged with various connotations. Some may associate with unnecessary pleasure-seeking, while some may argue that it is a necessity for humans to satisfy their desires. Thus, this paper shall prove and support the fact that as human with a natural will and tendency to want things, desires must therefore be satisfied well to achieve ones optimal capacity as a human being. Theories, Philosophies, and Supporting Thoughts on Desire Satisfaction Sigmund Freud and His Theories on Sexual Desires Over the years, the concept and nature of human desire have been carefully studied and have been debated over by numerous philosophers and other great minds in psychology and sociology, resulting in numerous connotations about the reality of human desire. As a result, many are continuously being puzzled whether desires are meant to be satisfied or to become merely temptations and challenges. Sigmund Freud has been a popular identity in the study of human desire as he became known by his very controversial sexist ideologies. Desire for Freud is generally associated with sexual drive which acts as the principal driving force not just for grown-ups but also for children. Freud believes that since birth, the satisfaction of all the pleasurable sensations from the skin drives a person, ensures an optimal social and emotional development, and prevents future psychological crises like the Oedipal crisis and the Electra complex. Freud named the first psychosexual stage as the oral stage which is undergone by children 18 months and below. In this stage, the focus of pleasure is the mouth which can be observed by the frequent urge of the baby to suck everything that he or she holds. The second stage is the anal stage which, from its name, technically focuses on the pleasure derived from the anus. This is usually observed in children 18 months to 4 years of age. Next is the phallic stage. In this level, four to seven year-old children derive pleasure mainly from their genitalia. Thus, as Freud stated, masturbation can be observed as common practice among children that fall on this age range. The latent stage, on the other hand, relates a stage wherein most sexual desires are being repressed because of the pressure from school and the society. In this stage, children from seven to twelve years of age can be observed to be subdued and calm. The last stage is called the genital stage which begins at puberty and ex tends until adulthood. During this stage, the center of pleasure is sexual intercourse itself. Freud argues that the desire for sexual intercourse in this stage is natural and inevitable. He also emphasizes that most social, emotional, and identity crises like homosexuality and sexual fixation root from this stage when the desire tends to be taken for granted or repressed (Boeree). This theory of Freud supports the idea that desires have that natural tendencies and effects of people. Although his theory deals with only one kind of desire which is that of the sexual urges, it very well discusses how natural and innate desires are to human and how necessary it is to satisfy these desires in order to avoid social, psychological, and identity crises later on in a persons life. Aristippus Hedonism Aside from this theory, Hedonism, which literally talks about the importance of satisfying ones desires, contributes to the idea that desire satisfaction plays a vital role in making a person realize his or her optimum capabilities and potential. Aristippus of Cyrene is the father of Hedonism. He believes that aside from the sensual pleasure, higher forms of pleasure such as mental pleasures, domestic love, friendship, and moral contentment are also important to be satisfied (Fox). His theory also explains that satisfaction of desires leads to a pleasant outlook and attitude in life. Thus, the kind of desire that this theory focuses on is that of the intrinsic desire which is the innermost desire a person has (Heathwood 540). Intrinsic desires are those desires supported by other desires and are usually simpler. In other words, intrinsic desires are the last ones in the long chain and regress of desires (Irvine 55). Theories, Philosophies, and Thoughts Against Desire Satisfaction However, there are critics who challenge the idea of desire satisfactionism by saying that this theory depends on a false psychological analysis as it relies on the fact that pleasure is the only motive of action. Also, critics argue that desire satisfactionism induces selfishness and lets people deviate from self-sacrificing and generosity. Also a lot of critics suggest that hedonism or desire satisfactionism induces too much egocentrism in the sense that it allows an inpidual to splurge and satisfy him/her with all the worldly and materialist desires which s/he wants. Aside from this, desire satisfaction was also tagged to derive more unnecessary desires such as luxuries and vices since it advices the satisfaction of all desires a man could have even those which s/he may not know to be bad for him/her. The Stance It is true that the gratification or fulfillment of ones desire is not the sole driving force of inpiduals. However, it is one of the major driving forces which push people to have a positive and pleasant outlook about life. Considering the aforementioned thoughts, it appears that desires are not always about the sensual and the self-pleasuring kind of desires. Desires in general, may it be the desire to change someone elses behavior, desire to make the world a better place, or all the other realistic and even the unrealistic desires forces people to work hard and live for the fulfillment of such desires. Some people may think that wanting more after fulfilling a desire leads to a problematic situation of non-contentment. They may want more and more after they fulfill a desire they previously wanted badly. This certainly is inevitable for human beings since they would always grow with developing needs as the world around them develops and evolves as well. The negative connotation about desires and desire satisfaction can be very much attributed to the negative perception of conservative society to sensual and sexual desires. As this kind of desire is relatively sensationalized and controversial in the contemporary times, people tend to form the impression that desires are primarily about sexual fantasies and urges that are immoral for people to crave and fulfill over and over. However, as reality bites, human desires are not all about sexual dreams and cravings. In general, desires are the natural driving forces and motivations which keep people going. These are literally the things that people are motivated to acquire to keep a pleasant attitude in life. If not for satisfying ones desires, there would not be an Albert Einstein, Alexander Grahambell, and more successful personalities today (Kavanagh). If people would have to repress desires and keep themselves from satisfying them, then contentment and happiness would most likely be hard to achieve. As it appears, desires come from the illusions and pictures of great and ideal things people want to fulfill for the purpose of rewarding their senses, urges, and needs. Perhaps, these desires are the price people have to pay for their ability of rationalizing or differentiating what is beautiful from ugly, what is elegant from simple, and what is astonishing from lame. This ability also gives them the power to create a mental image of the perfect life and the perfect things which they would eventually tend to desire. Indeed, wanting and desiring beautiful and ideal things and sensation in life come with the humankinds powerful senses and ability to discern what is desirable from not. Perhaps, having such strong desires comes from the gift of powerful human consciousness which enables humans to dream and want (McCormick). As inevitable as the tendency of desiring, the need to satisfy such desires appears to be as inevitable. It is certainly a natural need for people to satisfy their desires as these desires have been proven natural and innate as a human tendency. People must also not justify or rationalize desires and their reasons for desires are not cognitive thoughts; these are feelings which drive the minds and the way of thinking of people. Thus, as emotions, desires are different from the tools of cognitions. These things must never be associated. Hence, desires must never be run by logic but by free and genuine feelings and emotions (Firehammer). Having considered the theories, ideologies, and criticisms about the act of desire satisfaction, the point still stands strong that human beings still ought to satisfy their own desires. However, one must also acknowledge the fact that a desire may either root from a want or a need (Marples). The confusion often arises from determining the difference between the two. Nevertheless, whatever the result of this reflection and differentiation may be, the outcome will still boil down to one fact: understanding human nature suggests the understanding of the natural tendency of desire satisfaction. Thus, this implies that whatever reasons humans try to extract from desires, fantasies, and wants, one fact shall remain: Humans will always crave and desire; thus, as inescapable as desires themselves are the satisfaction of such. Works Cited Boeree, George C. Sigmund Freud: 1856-1939. Shippensburg University. 27 December 2007. 08 January 2009 http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/freud.html>. Firehammer, Reginald. Desires: The Nature of Desire and Passion. The Autonomist. 02 November 2004. 08 January 2009 . Fox, James. "Hedonism." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 7. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 08 January 2009 . Hartono, Agustinus. The Philosophy of Desire. 16 January 2007. ArticlesGratuits.com. 07 January 2009 . Heathwood, Chris. Desire Satisfactionism and Hedonism. University of Colorado at Boulder. 08 January 2009 . Irvine, William Braxton. On Desire: Why We Want What We Want. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006. Kavanagh, Gail. Why Do People Go After Unlimited Desires?. Helium. 08 January 2009. . Marples, Roger. Education and Well-being: Beyond Desire-Satisfaction. Philosophy of Education Society. 1995. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. 08 January 2009. . McCormick, Louis. Why Do People Go After Unlimited Desires?. Helium. 08 January 2009. . Moncur, Michael. Quotation #24243 from Classic Quotes. The Quotations Page. 2007. 08 January 2009 .